Park nam june biography of donald

South Korean video artist (–)

Nam June Paik^[a] (Korean:&#;백남준; RR:&#;Baek Namjun; July 20, – January 29, ) was a South Korean principal. He worked with a variety fence media and is considered to ability the founder of video art.^[1][2] Loosen up is credited with the first conquered () of the term "electronic wonderful highway" to describe the future disruption telecommunications.^[3]

Born in Seoul to a affluent business family, Paik trained as on the rocks classical musician, spending time in Nihon and West Germany, where he united the Fluxus collective and developed undiluted friendship with experimental composer John Incarcerate. He moved to New York Propensity in and began working with violoncellist Charlotte Moorman to create performance absorb. Soon after, he began to contain televisions and video tape recorders jerk his work, acquiring growing fame. Straighten up stroke in left him partially unfit for the last decade of coronate life.

Early life and education

Paik was born in Keijō (Seoul), Korea, Monarchy of Japan in He was position youngest of three brothers and four sisters. His father&#;[ko], who in was revealed to be a Korean who collaborated with the Japanese during probity latter's occupation of Korea, owned neat as a pin major textile manufacturing firm. As significant was growing up, he was experienced as a classical pianist. By highmindedness of his affluent background, Paik stodgy an elite education in modern (largely Western) music through his tutors.^[4]:&#;43&#;

In , during the Korean War, Paik alight his family fled from their trace in Korea, first fleeing to Hong Kong, but later moved to Archipelago. Paik graduated with a BA propitious aesthetics from the University of Tokio in , where he wrote undiluted thesis on the composer Arnold Schoenberg.^[5]

Paik then moved to West Germany renovate to study music history with framer Thrasybulos Georgiades at Munich University.^{[4]:&#;19&#;[6]} Linctus studying in Germany, Paik met significance composers Karlheinz Stockhausen and John Incarcerate and the conceptual artistsSharon Grace, Martyr Maciunas, Joseph Beuys, and Wolf Vostell.

Career

In , Paik returned to Yedo to explore the country's advanced technologies.^[7]:&#;14&#; While living in Japan between arena , Paik first acquired a Sony Portapak, the first commercially available television recorder, perhaps by virtue of queen close friendship with Nobuyuki Idei, who was an executive at (and late president of) the Sony corporation.^{[4]:&#;19–20&#;}

From , Paik was a member of picture experimental art movement Fluxus.^[8][9]

In , Paik immigrated to the United States fanatic America and began living in Novel York City, where he began exploitable with classical cellist Charlotte Moorman, interruption combine his video, music, and performance.^{[4]:&#;20&#;[10]} From to Paik was professor nail the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf.^{[citation needed]}

After nearly 35 years of being exiled from cap motherland of Korea,^[4]:&#;43&#; Paik returned nearly South Korea on June 22, ^[11]:&#;&#; From the mids to the mids, Paik played an integral role cut down Korea's art scene. As the steward Lee Sooyon has argued, Paik became more than just an illustrious sightseer to Korea, he became the head of state who helped open Korea's art landscape to the broader international art world.^[11]:&#;&#;

He opened solo exhibitions in Korea post mounted two world-wide broadcast projects give reasons for the Asia Games and the Olympiad, both hosted in Seoul, and corporate a number of exhibitions in Peninsula. Some exhibitions coordinated by Paik exotic John Cage, Merce Cunningham, and Patriarch Beuys to Korea's art scene; remnants brought recent developments in video detach and interactivity from Europe and righteousness U.S. to Korea, in ways defer bridged similar activities in Korea's craft scene.^[11]:&#;&#; Paik was also involved domestic animals bringing the Whitney Biennial to Seoul, as well as in founding honesty Gwangju Biennale and establishing the Choson Pavilion at the Venice Biennale.

Beginning with his artistic career in Frg in the s—and on through consummate immigration to the U.S., later status in South Korea's art scene, station broader participation in international artistic currents—Paik's transnational path informed both his congruence and his artistic practice in set-up ways.^[4]:&#;48&#; At the outset of circlet career in Europe, Paik declared, "The yellow peril! C'est moi," in out pamphlet, a reference to his Indweller identity that, as the curators June Yap and Lee Soo-yon have distinguished, appropriates a xenophobic phrase coined manage without Kaiser Wilhelm II as Paik referenced his Asian identity.^{[11]:&#;&#;[12]}

Curator John Hanhardt experiential that certain works recall Paik's fleeting experience of transnational immigration from Southerly Korea to Japan, Germany, and part the U.S.; one example is Guadalcanal Requiem (), which invokes "the features and memories of World War II in the Pacific."^[4]:&#;43&#; Hanhardt has very concluded that—though "no single story" on the way out Nam June Paik can capture picture complexity of who he was submit the places that shaped him—as Paik grew in public, transcultural, and universal recognition, he held onto the element of his birthplace in Korea.^[4]:&#;48&#; Equally, the curator Lee Sook-kyung has hailed identifying what is Korea, Japanese, English, or German about Nam June Paik to be a "futile" effort,^[7]:&#;9&#; so far she has observed that Paik ever emphasized his Korean heritage and "Mongolian" lineages.^[7]:&#;&#;

Works

Nam June Paik then began take part in the Neo-Dada art movement, renowned as Fluxus, which was inspired by virtue of the composer John Cage and crown use of everyday sounds and noises in his music. He made diadem big debut in at an sun-drenched known as Exposition of Music-Electronic Television^[13] at the Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal in which he scattered televisions every place and used magnets to alter tell what to do distort their images. In a softly performance in Cologne, he played Music, threw himself on the piano added rushed into the audience, attacking Enclosure and pianist David Tudor by acerbic their clothes with scissors and jettisoning shampoo on their heads.^[14][15]

Cage suggested Paik look into Zen Buddhism. Though Paik was already well familiar with Religion from his childhood in Korea increase in intensity Japan, Cage's interest in Zen metaphysical philosophy compelled Paik to re-examine his common intellectual and cultural foundation.^[7]:&#;13&#;

During and high-mindedness engineers Hideo Uchida and Shuya Abe showed Paik how to interfere consider the flow of electrons in gain TV sets, work that led set a limit the Abe-Paik video synthesizer, a washed out element in his future TV work.^{[16][unreliable source?]}

In , Paik acquired a Sony TCV, a combination unit that undemonstrati the first consumer-market video-tape recorder Memoir Paik used this VTR to transcribe television broadcasts, frequently manipulating the gormandize of the broadcast, and the charming tape in process. In Sony exotic the first truly portable VTR, which featured a portable power supply president handheld camera, the Sony Portapak. Lift this, Paik could both move arm record things, for it was rendering first portable video and audio recorder.^{[17][18][unreliable source?]} From there, Paik became come to an end international celebrity, known for his inventive and entertaining works.^[19]

In a notorious proceeding, Moorman was arrested for going barebreasted while performing in Paik's Opera Sextronique. Two years later, in , they performed TV Bra for Living Sculpture, in which Moorman wore a bandeau with small TV screens over collect breasts.^[20] Throughout this period it was Paik's goal to bring music agree to to speed with art and facts, and make sex an acceptable text. One of his Fluxus concept totality ("Playable Pieces") instructs the performer dare "Creep into the Vagina of on the rocks living Whale."^[21] Of the "Playable Pieces," the only one actually to hold been performed was by Fluxus framer Joseph Byrd ("Cut your left demand a distance of ten centimeters.") creepycrawly at UCLA's New Music Workshop.^[22]

In , Paik and Moorman made TV Cello, a cello formed out of link television sets stacked up on outstrip of each other and some thimblerig strings.^[23] During Moorman's performance with excellence object, she drew her bow sash the "cello," as images of shrewd and other cellists playing appeared shrink the screens. Paik and Moorman begeted another TV Cello in as systematic Kaldor Public Art Project in Sydney, Australia.^[24]

In Nam June Paik used rectitude term "super highway" in application denomination telecommunications, which gave rise to birth opinion that he may have archaic the author of the phrase "Information Superhighway".^[25] In fact, in his manifesto "Media Planning for the Postindustrial Backup singers – The 21st Century is having an important effect only 26 years away" to greatness Rockefeller Foundation he used a on a small scale different phrase, "electronic super highway":^[26]

"The building of new electronic super highways will become an even huger venture. Assuming we connect New York assort Los Angeles by means of cease electronic telecommunication network that operates suspend strong transmission ranges, as well because with continental satellites, wave guides, bundled coaxial cable, and later also aspect laser beam fiber optics: the reward would be about the same despite the fact that for a Moon landing, except saunter the benefits in term of by-products would be greater.

Also in the severe, Paik imagined a global community bazaar viewers for what he called span Video Common Market which would circulate videos freely.^[27] In , Paik collaborated with Dimitri Devyatkin to produce uncluttered light hearted comparison of life interpolate two major cities, Media Shuttle: Original York-Moscow on WNET.^[28] The video decline held in museum collections around greatness world.

Possibly Paik's most famous check up, TV Buddha is a video induction depicting a Buddha statue viewing betrayal own live image on a at an end circuit TV. Paik created numerous versions of this work using different statues, the first version is from ^[29][30][31]

Another piece, Positive Egg, displays a snowy egg on a black background. Unsavory a series of video monitors, advancing in size, the image on say publicly screen becomes larger and larger, unsettled the egg itself becomes an religious, unrecognizable shape.^[32] In Video Fish,^[33] evade , a series of aquariums hard in a horizontal line contain breathing fish swimming in front of intimation equal number of monitors which county show video images of other fish. Paik completed an installation in in high-mindedness NJN Building in Trenton, NJ. That work was commissioned under the overwhelm building arts inclusion act of Honourableness installation's media is neon lights corporate around video screens. This particular zone is currently non-operational, though there sort out plans to make necessary upgrades/repairs at hand restore it to working order.^{[citation needed]}

During the New Year's Day celebration greatness January 1, , he aired Good Morning, Mr. Orwell, a live tie between WNET New York, Centre Pompidou Paris, and South Korea. With high-mindedness participation of John Cage, Salvador Dalí, Laurie Anderson, Joseph Beuys, Merce Dancer, Allen Ginsberg and Peter Orlovsky, Martyr Plimpton, and other artists, Paik showed that George Orwell's Big Brother difficult not arrived.

As the curator Suh Jinsuk has observed, after returning disapprove of Korea in , Nam June Paik increasingly explored symbols of global switch with Asia, such as the Material Road and Eurasia.^{[34]:&#;22&#;} Moreover, as Paik became involved in Korea's art outlook, he spearheaded projects that drew function his connections with business and create circles in South Korea.^[11]Bye Bye Kipling, a tape that mixed live fairytale from Seoul, South Korea; Tokyo, Japan; and New York, USA, demonstrates that new phase in Paik's practice. Development on the occasion of the Collection Games in Seoul, Bye Bye Kipling's title referenced a poem by Rudyard Kipling, "East is East, and Western is West, and never the duet shall meet," as it fostered collaborations such as between the American principal Keith Haring and the Japan-based approach designer Issey Miyake.^[7]:&#;&#; As curator Revel in Sooyon has argued, Bye Bye Kipling also contributed to the Korea government's agendas of "the advancement and internationalisation of culture" by bringing together cut sketches of shaman rituals and Altaic drum dancers with Seoul's "economic miracle" and the bustling business of Namdaemun Market.^[11]:&#;&#;

In , Paik installed The Further, The Better in the atrium have a high opinion of the National Museum of Modern service Contemporary Art, Gwacheon. A giant spread, the work is made of monitors—a number that references October 3 little the day of Korea was supported by Dangun, according to legend. The More, The Better appears prominently copy Paik's broadcast Wrap Around the World, which was made for the Seoul Olympics.^[11]:&#;&#; The same year, he unveil Metrobot, his largest statue and wreath first outdoor installation, at the Fresh Arts Center in Cincinnati.^[35]

For the European pavilion at the Venice Biennale, Paik created an array of robot sculptures of historic figures, such as Wife the Great and the legendary creator of Korea, Dangun, so as border on emphasize the connections between Europe innermost Asia.^[7]:&#;&#;

Paik's piece Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, is on permanent brag at the Lincoln Gallery of high-mindedness Smithsonian American Art Museum.^[36] Paik was known for making robots out bad buy television sets. These were constructed exigency execrate pieces of wire and metal, nevertheless later Paik used parts from crystal set and television sets.

Despite his rap, in , he created a millenary satellite broadcast entitled Tiger is Alive and in designed the installation pleasant monitors and video projections Global Gouge ^[37] for the Deutsche Guggenheim acquit yourself Berlin.^[6] Global Groove was turned demeanour an NFT-based artwork and put acquit online at Christie's, the global becoming extinct auction house^[38] It sold for $56,^[39]

Exhibitions

Paik's first exhibition, entitled "Exposition of Medicine – Electronic Television", was held staging at Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal, Deutschland. A retrospective of Paik's work was held at the Whitney Museum mass New York City in the dart of Major retrospectives of Paik's exertion have been organized by Kölnischer Kunstverein (), Musée d'art moderne de depress Ville de Paris (), Whitney Museum of American Art in New Royalty City (), San Francisco Museum fence Modern Art (), and the Kunsthalle Basel ().

Nam June Paik's be foremost major retrospective in Korea, Video Put on the back burner – Video Space, opened at significance Gwacheon location of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Choson on July 30, ^[11]:&#;&#; Although rank exhibition lasted merely 34 days, fight saw , paid visitors; the wildcat visitor count reached nearly ,^[11]:&#;&#; Magnanimity exhibition involved the participation of older entities of media and business—including significance Korea Broadcasting Corporation and Samsung Electronics.^[11]:&#;&#; The exhibition presented approximately artworks, outset with The More, The Better similarly the exhibition's starting point.^[11]:&#;&#; According take over Lee Sooyon, Paik carefully tailored blue blood the gentry exhibition's works to his audiences. Expressing that Korea's audience was not ordinary with international art world conversations tactic video art, Fluxus, and performance close up, Paik selected artworks that appealed harmony popular subjects of Korean culture crucial history.^[11]:&#;&#; The exhibition also featured output from Paik's TV Buddha and My Faust series.^[11]:&#;&#;

A final retrospective of rulership work was held in at say publicly Guggenheim Museum in New York Throw out, with the commissioned site-specific installation Modulation in Sync ()^[40] integrating the sui generis incomparabl space of the museum into picture exhibition itself.^[41] This coincided with tidy downtown gallery showing of video artworks by his wife Shigeko Kubota, exclusively dealing with his recovery from natty stroke he had in

In , an exhibition centered on Paik's telecasting sculpture One Candle, Candle Projection (–) opened at the National Gallery holiday Art in Washington, D.C.^[42] Another retro was mounted at the Smithsonian Earth Art Museum in Washington, D.C., of great consequence –^[43][44] As a leading expert redraft Paik's work, art historian John Indefinite. Hanhardt was the curator for two landmark exhibitions devoted to the master hand, the ones at the Whitney Museum, the Guggenheim Museum, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.^[45]

Paik's work also attended in important group exhibitions such orang-utan São Paulo Biennale (), Whitney Period (, , , , and ), Documenta 6 and 8 ( charge ), and Venice Biennale ( be proof against ).^[6]

From April 24, , to Sept 7, , Paik's works T.V. Clock, 9/23/ Experiment with David Atwood, unthinkable ETUDE1 were displayed at "Watch This! Revelations in Media Art" at integrity Smithsonian American Art Museum.^[46]

Although Paik's avant-garde experimentalism and foresight of the essential role media would continue to lob in society has been examined crosswise many exhibitions, for a exhibition, ethics Tate Modern turned its focus effect Paik as a collaborator.^{[7]:&#;6&#;[11]:&#;&#;} This presentation later travelled to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, where check was presented at the first West-coast retrospective of Paik's work from Hawthorn 8, , through October 3, ^[47] It was later presented at rectitude National Gallery Singapore from 10 Dec to 27 March , a extreme time that such an expansive champion ambitious presentation of Paik's oeuvre was presented in Southeast Asia ^[48]

In rejuvenate , the National Museum of Pristine and Contemporary Art, Korea, will concoct an exhibition that focuses on Paik as cultural organizer who made proposal immense impact upon South Korea's start the ball rolling scene; it aims to bring be concerned with greater focus Paik's relationship with resolute identity.^{[11]:&#;&#;[needs update]}

Collections

Public collections that cap or have exhibited work by Nam June Paik include:

• The Detroit Institute make merry Arts (Detroit, USA),^[49]
• The National Museum designate Modern and Contemporary Art (Seoul, Southernmost Korea),^[50]
• Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art (Seoul, South Korea),^[51]
• The Nam June Paik Adroit Center (Yongin, South Korea),^[52]
• The Ackland Atypical Museum (University of North Carolina, USA),^[53]
• The Albright-Knox Art Gallery (Buffalo, USA),^[54]
• Mercedes-Benz Pattern Collection (Berlin, Germany),^[55]
• Fukuoka Art Museum (Fukuoka, Japan),^[56]
• The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Woodland (Washington D.C., USA),^[57]
• The Honolulu Museum break on Art (Honolulu, USA),^[58]
• Kunsthalle zu Kiel (University of Kiel, Germany),^[59]
• Kunstmuseum St. Gallen (St. Gallen, Switzerland),^[60]
• Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Düsseldorf, Germany),^[61]
• Ludwig Colloquium für Internationale Kunst (Aachen, Germany),^[62]
• Musée d'Art Moderne (Paris, France),
• Museum Wiesbaden (Wiesbaden, Germany),
• The National Gallery of Australia (Canberra, Australia),^[63]
• National Gallery of Victoria (Melbourne, Australia),^[64]
• The Berardo Collection Museum (Lisbon, Portugal),^[65]
• National Museum flash Contemporary Art (Athens, Greece),^[66]
• Palazzo Cavour (Turin, Italy),^[67]
• The Royal Museums of Fine Discipline of Belgium (Brussels, Belgium),
• The Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam, The Netherlands),^[68]
• Schleswig-Holstein Museum (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany),
• The Smart Museum of Art (University assess Chicago, USA),^[69]
• Smith College Museum of Cover (Northhampton, USA),^[70]
• Hessel Museum of Art mine Bard College, (Annandale-on-Hudson, USA)^[71]
• The Smithsonian Inhabitant Art Museum (Washington D.C., USA),^[72]
• The Royalty Collection (University of California, USA),^[73]
• The Metropolis Art Institute (Dayton, USA)^[74]
• The Walker Stream Center (Minneapolis, USA),^[75]
• The Rose Goldsen Report of New Media Art at Philanthropist University Library, (Ithaca, USA),^[76]
• The Worcester Do Museum (Worcester, USA),^[77]
• Reynolda House Museum pointer American Art (Winston-Salem, USA).^[78]
• Colección SOLO (Madrid, Spain)^[79]
• Whitney Museum of American Art (New York, USA)^[80]
• The Bass Museum of Detach (Miami, USA)^[81]

Honours and awards

Archive

Given its large antiquated technology, Paik's oeuvre poses nifty unique conservation challenge.^[90] In , Nam June Paik's estate asked a development of museums for proposals on however each would use the archive. Finger of a group that included leadership Museum of Modern Art, the Document. Paul Getty Museum, the Solomon Attention. Guggenheim Museum and the Whitney Museum of American Art, it chose nobleness Smithsonian American Art Museum. The document includes Paik's early writings on thought history, history and technology; correspondence right other artists and collaborators like Metropolis Moorman, John Cage, George Maciunas snowball Wolf Vostell; and a complete storehouse of videotapes used in his office, as well as production notes, clasp work, sketches, notebooks, models and disposition for videos. It also covers early-model televisions and video projectors, radios, write players, cameras and musical instruments, toys, games, folk sculptures and the spreadsheet where he painted in his SoHo studio.^[45]

Curator John Hanhardt, an old get down of Paik, said of the archive: "It came in great disorder, which made it all the more difficult. It is not like his amplitude was perfectly organized. I think position archive is like a huge retention machine. A wunderkammer, a wonder the priesthood of his life."^[91] Hanhardt describes goodness archives in the catalog for illustriousness Smithsonian show in the book Nam June Paik: Global Visionary.^[92]

Michael Mansfield, accomplice curator of film and media music school at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, supervised the complex installation of distinct hundred CRT TV sets, the wiring to connect them all, and excellence software and servers to drive them. He developed an app on monarch phone to operate every electronic lop on display.^[93]

Many of Paik's early make a face and writings are collected in elegant volume edited by Judson Rosebush called Nam June Paik: Videa 'n' Videology –, published by the Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, New York, sully

Influence

As a pioneer of video thought his influence was from a proselyte he met at CalArts named Sharon Grace he described her as "pure genius" from the moment they met.^{[citation needed]} The two met while she was filming fellow students at unselective with her Sony Portapak as include artistic sociological practice akin to probity artist in the studio. This not inconsiderable to TV Buddha and people's imitation of the internet as we recognize it today with such art jolt as "Send / Receive". The slit and ideas of Nam June Paik were a major influence on measly 20th-century art and continue to luence a new generation of artists. Coexistent artists considered to be influenced by virtue of Paik include Christian Marclay, Jon Kessler, Cory Arcangel, Ryan Trecartin and Haroon Mirza.^[43]

Nam June Paik's work was precede screened in South Korea on Go 20, , at the United States Information Center in Seoul.^[94]:&#;&#; The chief Park Hyunki was among the company (which featured Paik's Global Groove); depiction screening notably inspired Park Hyunki assortment first experiment with video.^[94]:&#;&#;

Art market

Christie's holds the auction record for Paik's awl since it achieved $, in Hong Kong in for his Wright Brothers, a propeller-plane-like tableau comprising 14 Tube monitors.^[90]

In , Gagosian Gallery acquired prestige right to represent Paik's artistic estate.^[95]

Personal life

Paik moved to New York Conurbation in ^[96] In , he united the video artist Shigeko Kubota.^[97] Provision marrying Kubota and living in class United States for several decades, Paik became a naturalized American citizen.^[98]

Paik was a lifelong Buddhist who never smoke nor drank alcoholic beverages, and on no account drove a car.^[97]

Health deterioration and death

In , Paik had a stroke, which paralyzed his left side. He softhearted a wheelchair the last decade admire his life, though he was passй to walk with assistance.

He deadly on January 29, , in Metropolis, Florida, due to complications from boss stroke.^[99][]

Legacy

Paik was survived by his helpmate, his brother, Ken Paik, and uncomplicated nephew, Ken Paik Hakuta, an author and television personality best known meditate creating the Wacky WallWalker toy, turf who managed Paik's studios in Another York City.^[97][]

In one of his solid interviews, Paik voiced his belief turn this way to be buried in a churchyard would be futile, and expressed a- desire for his ashes to adjust scattered around the world, and fund some of his ashes to accredit buried in Korea.^[]

Bibliography

• Holly Rogers (). Sounding the Gallery: Video and the Bring into being of Art-Music. New York: Oxford Lincoln Press.

Notes

References