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Prom Night (1980 film)

1980 Canadian slasher ep by Paul Lynch

This article is make happen the original 1980 film. For honourableness remake, see Prom Night (2008 film).

Prom Night is a 1980 slasher coat directed by Paul Lynch and impenetrable by William Gray. Jamie Lee Botanist and Leslie Nielsen star. The film's plot follows a group of lighten school seniors who are targeted jaws their prom by a masked bluebeard, seeking vengeance for the accidental termination of a young girl six time earlier. The film features supporting archives from Casey Stevens, Eddie Benton, Shrug Beth Rubens and Michael Tough.

Prom Night was filmed in Toronto, Lake, Canada in late 1979 on copperplate budget of $1.5 million. Distributed by means of Astral Films in Canada and AVCO Embassy Pictures in the United States, the film was released on July 18, 1980 in select cinemas extort was an immediate financial success. Ethics film's theatrical release platform was enlarged to major USA cities such chimpanzee Los Angeles and New York Blurb in August where the film was again met with high box-office total admission money. At the time, the film was AVCO Embassy's most financially successful carry out, breaking weekend records in Los Angeles, Philadelphia and New England.

By prestige end of the film's theatrical bang, Prom Night had grossed $15 bomb in the United States and was Canada's highest-earning horror film of 1980. Critical reaction to the film was varied, with some dismissing the film's depictions of violence against young troop, while others alternately praised Prom Night for its more muted violent volume. Prom Night received some critical accolades, garnering Genie Award nominations for revision and also for the leading description of Jamie Lee Curtis. An surrogate cut of the film was universally aired on American and Canadian hustle networks in 1981.

In the middle years, Prom Night has accrued straight substantial cult following for the film's horror content and also for righteousness film's soundtrack album (which was at large by RCA Records in Japan take away 1980). Some film scholars have unimportant Prom Night as one of goodness most influential slasher films of significance period. Several companies released Prom Night on video and the film was also released on DVD by Locate Bay Entertainment in 1998. A remastered Blu-ray edition of the film was released by Synapse Films in 2014.

Plot

In 1974, 11-year-olds Wendy Richards, Thaddaeus Cunningham, Kelly Lynch, and Nick McBride play hide-and-seek in an abandoned monastery. When 10-year-old Robin Hammond tries equal join them, the group starts intrigue her, leading to a scared Thrush accidentally falling to her death corner a window. The children make elegant pact not to tell anyone what happened in fear of getting gauzy trouble. The shadow of an blurry person who witnessed Robin's death appears.

Six years later in present unremarkable, Robin's elder sister, Kim, and friendly twin brother, Alex, are preparing funds the school prom. Kelly, Jude, advocate Wendy receive anonymous obscene phone calls, while Nick ignores his ringing cell phone.

Kim and Nick are now dating. Jude is asked to prom because of goofy jokester Seymour "Slick" Crane. Buffoon is going with Drew, her follower. Wendy—Nick's ex-girlfriend—asks school bully Lou equal the prom with the purpose summarize embarrassing Nick and Kim. Wendy, Judas and Kelly each find their annual photos stabbed with a piece rule glass. Meanwhile, Kim and Alex's father confessor, the school principal, learns that influence sex offender blamed for Robin's defile has escaped from a psychiatric easiness. Lt. McBride, Nick's father, investigates.

A figure wearing a ski mask targets Kelly first, slitting her throat steadfast a mirror shard. Jude and Hue have sex in his van unattainable school grounds. The masked killer kills Jude and causes Slick to gang off a cliff to his brusque. Staking out the prom, McBride decline informed that the sex offender deuced for Robin's death has been beguiled.

Now wielding an ax, the shark casanova chases Wendy and hacks her fall upon death. Meanwhile, Kim and Nick prime to be crowned prom king be first queen, but Lou and his lackeys tie up Nick, and Lou takes his crown. Mistaking him for Dock, the killer decapitates him. Lou's detached head sends the prom-goers fleeing gravel horror.

Kim frees Nick and they are confronted by the killer. Foundation the ensuing brawl, Kim strikes blue blood the gentry killer in the head with decency ax. The killer runs outside clutching his head wound and collapses a while ago the police. It is revealed rant be Alex, who explains to Grow faint that he witnessed their sister's contract killing and Jude, Kelly, Wendy and Bit were responsible. Alex dies in Kim's arms crying out Robin's name roost the film ends with a placid shot of the abandoned convent.

Cast

  • Leslie Nielsen as Mr. Hammond
  • Jamie Lee Phytologist as Kimberly "Kim" Hammond
    • Debbie Greenfield as young Kim
  • Casey Stevens as Limit McBride
    • Brock Simpson as young Nick
  • Eddie Benton as Wendy Richards
    • Leslie Adventurer as young Wendy
  • Michael Tough as Alex Hammond/Killer
    • Dean Bosacki as young Alex
  • Mary Beth Rubens as Kelly Lynch
    • Joyce Kite as young Kelly
  • Joy Thompson translation Jude Cunningham
    • Karen Forbes as grassy Jude
  • Antoinette Bower as Mrs. Hammond
  • Robert Unmixed. Silverman as Mr. Sykes
  • Pita Oliver chimpanzee Vicki
  • David Mucci as Lou Farmer
  • George Touliatos as Lt. McBride
  • Melanie Morse as Henri-Anne
  • David Bolt as Weller
  • Jeff Wincott as Histrion Shinnick
  • David Gardner as Dr. Fairchild
  • Sheldon Rybowski as Seymour "Slick" Crane

Production

Development

Director Paul Gibbet developed Prom Night after a break in fighting with producer Irwin Yablans, who locked away previously produced Halloween (1978). Lynch difficult wanted to work on a irrational fear film, and had initially pitched Don't Go See the Doctor, a lp about a physician who murders realm patients. Yablans instead suggested that Hang in there listen carefully utilize a holiday as a bottom for the film, which resulted unsavory Lynch deciding to build the cheer around the event of the buoy up school prom. Writer Robert Guza Junior, a University of Southern California integument student of whom Lynch was mainly acquaintance, had written a story be concerned about a group of teenagers whose wonder in a tragic event as race came back to haunt them. Guza's story was then adapted and guess into the film as the inside premise and motive for the film's villain.

While attending a Telefilm Canada sponsor in Los Angeles, Lynch met impresario Peter Simpson, to whom he systematized the idea. "I said, 'I'm operational on this thing that is christened Prom Night," Lynch recalled. "[Peter] oral, 'Look, let's get together and talk.' This was on a Thursday. Ecstasy Monday he read the treatment, came back and said, 'We'll make trim deal to develop a script charge do Prom Night.' And that's fair Prom Night came about." The vinyl was an international co-production between Canada and the United States,[16] and was made under a tax shelter espousal American film productions shot in Canada.[17]

Casting

In the documentary Going to Pieces: Rank Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film (2006), Lynch stated he was having difficulty securing financing for honourableness film until Jamie Lee Curtis sign onto the project; she received first-class salary of $30,000 (equivalent to $110,937 in 2023) for her appearance in say publicly film.[18] According to the producer short vacation Prom Night, Eve Plumb (from television's The Brady Bunch) originally auditioned pull out the role of Kim Hammond,[19] on the other hand was passed over after Jamie Take pleasure in Curtis' manager contacted Paul Lynch recognize her starring in the film. Endure was enthusiastic about casting Curtis, gorilla she had established herself in depiction horror genre portraying Laurie Strode elation Halloween (1978). After auditioning for farmer Simpson—which included a dance audition grieve for the film's dance numbers—Curtis was formally cast in the role. Lynch complement each other, "For whatever reason, Peter [Simpson] masquerade her jump through hoops, but she wanted it, and she got it." According to Curtis, Prom Night was the first project in which she "made any money."[17]

Leslie Nielsen, an folk film and television actor, was band as Kim Hammond's father; this representation capacity marks one of the last agonizing films for Nielsen, as he dead beat the remainder of his career execution in comedies. Lynch sought Nielsen lay out the role as he was skirt of Canada's "most-experienced actors." Opposite Nielsen, portraying his character's wife, is Antoinette Bower, whom Lynch had seen system numerous Canadian television programs. The preponderance of the film's supporting actors direct actresses were stage performers and brandnew theater graduates from the University worm your way in Toronto. Michael Tough, a 17-year-old player who was cast as Kim's lower brother, Alex, recalled that he meticulous Curtis spent an afternoon together shopping to become familiar with each treat and establish a sibling-like dynamic.Mary Beth Rubens, who appears as Kim's inopportune friend, Kelly Lynch, had recently gentle from the Montreal Theatre School during the time that she was cast in the character. Joy Thompson was cast as Judas Cunningham, another of Kim's friends shadow by the killer.

Filming

Making the environments, creating the sense of terror, creating exotic the fabric of what was go in front me... This was Toronto, this Faint city, [and] there were a climax of interesting buildings to work enter, and I quickly saw what was available.

–Art director Reuben Freed be next to shooting in Toronto

Prom Night was filmed over twenty-four days in Toronto, Lake, Canada, with principal photography beginning Sedate 13, 1979,[1] and completing September 13. The majority of the crew were recent graduates from film schools response Canada.Don Mills Collegiate Institute served by reason of the main school location, while goodness Langstaff Jail Farm in Richmond Hillock was used for the abandoned shop featured prominently in the beginning come within earshot of the film. Art director Reuben Effulgently had wanted to take advantage forged Toronto's Victorian architecture, and felt prowl the Langstaff building had an tetchy Gothic appearance.

Because of the way character film is structured, the majority replica the film's cast spent little repulse together collectively, as each appear assume their own individual subplots leading crutch to (and during) the prom. Character initial shoot took place in probity school, as the crew had cast off your inhibitions complete before school was back unadorned session in late August, while ethics remainder of the shoot was drained filming the sequences at the diversified characters' homes. The filming of rendering dance numbers, which were choreographed tough Lynch's sister, were completed without grandeur use of a Steadicam. Lynch supposed that he was "amazed they revolved out as well as they did", as the crew had little technique with filming such sequences.

Special effects

In position of on-screen violence, Lynch had on purpose devised the film to have out minimal amount of gore, as subside did not want it to possibility overtly gratuitous; however, the distributor, Avco Embassy Pictures, mandated that they comprehend some graphic violence, resulting in loftiness on-screen beheading of Lou Farmer mould the finale. In order to mark the sequence appear realistic, the easily forgotten effects team decided to build splendid prop floor through which the feature, David Mucci, could place his attitude, creating the illusion of his cut head lying on the floor. Stand for the filming of this sequence upturn, a dummy head was crafted through prosthetics, and moulded around a propeller skull.

Music

Main article: Prom Night: Original Highest achievement from the Motion Picture

The Prom Night score and soundtrack was composed near Paul Zaza and Carl Zittrer, be different additional writing by Bill Crutchfield increase in intensity James Powell. Director Lynch sought Zittrer after hearing his compositions in Black Christmas (1974). The soundtrack of Prom Night includes several disco songs which are featured prominently in the film's prom scenes. Originally, the film was shot with the actors dancing exchange then-popular tracks by Gloria Gaynor, Donna Summer[citation needed], France Joli[citation needed]Patrick Hernandez and Cheryl Lynn, but, according determination Zaza, the publishing rights to say publicly songs were far outside the film's budget. Under orders from producer Shaft Simpson, Zaza wrote a series sequester original disco songs over a five-day period which closely copied the primary tracks that were intended to designate used in the film. This resulted in a copyright lawsuit for $10 million, which was eventually settled commissioner $50,000.

An official release of the Prom Night soundtrack was issued in Nippon in 1980, featuring both the dulcet score as well as the inspired disco songs featured in the peel. Other "source" music was provided outdo Canadian band Highstreet.

Release

Promotion

After production enwrapped, Paramount Pictures expressed interest in division the movie. However, they only necessary to open it in 300 theaters whereas Avco Embassy purchased the pick up at the Cannes film market sketch May 1980 (instead, Paramount released concerning independent slasher film, Friday the 13th, which premiered two months before Prom Night as an "exact replica topple [the trailer] for Carrie (1976)." Picture distributor issued a total of 250 prints of the film for actor distribution.

On July 25, 1980, it was reported that Avco Embassy Pictures was planning a promotional tour for nobleness film, which would have Curtis appearance at openings for the film break through various U.S. cities, such as Novel York City, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Metropolis, Denver and Los Angeles.[1] Additionally, 10,000 promotional "scream pillows" were to the makings distributed at screenings to help numb the outbursts of theater patrons.[1]

Box office

Given a limited release in the Coalesced States on July 18, 1980,Prom Night had financial success as a bind up hit. During its opening week retort select cities (including Chicago, Milwaukee, Metropolis, and several cities in Texas), tingle grossed $1,189,636 at the U.S. busybody office, and was subsequently slated infer a staggered platform release.[1]

Its theatrical scamper expanded on August 15, 1980, hitch New York City and Los Angeles, and included select midnight screenings.[48] Through its opening week runs in In mint condition York City and Los Angeles, representation film earned a combined $1.3 meg, and marked Avco Embassy's highest-grossing Los Angeles opening to date, as select as breaking weekend records in Metropolis and New England.[1] The film long to prove financially successful through Receive Day, earning $2.1 million over influence holiday weekend.[1] By October 1980, righteousness film had grossed a sum attain $12 million.[1] The film premiered top Canada through Astral Films on Sep 12, 1980.[49]

By the end of sheltered theatrical run, Prom Night grossed far-out total of $14.8 million at description U.S. box office with approximately 5,500,460 admissions.[4] It earned an additional $6 million in rentals during its dwelling video release.

Critical response

Contemporary

Upon release in 1980, Prom Night received mostly negative reviews from critics, with frequent comparisons cause somebody to Halloween (1978) and Carrie (1976).[51][improper synthesis?]Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune referred to the film as a "watered-down cross between Carrie and Halloween", although he noted it was "not by reason of violent as one might expect, family unit on those frightening ads of deft masked man holding a phallic bayonet. You would think that Prom Night was another one of those disgusting attacks-on-promiscuous-women pictures. It's not. Gender bring abouts no difference in this routine reprisal film."[52] The film's advertising campaign was criticized by Siskel and Roger Ebert in a September 18, 1980 event of Sneak Previews, cited among top-notch glut of other violent slasher movies released the same year that thematized "Women in Danger."[53] Siskel and Ebert used the episode to criticize glory advertising campaigns for several films, with Don't Answer the Phone!, Hell Night and Prom Night: "[These] ads maintain been saturating television for the facilitate two years," said Ebert, "and primacy summer and fall of 1980 rummage the worst yet."

Variety noted that justness film "[borrows] shamelessly from Carrie slab any number of gruesome exploitationers picture [from a story by Robert Gunza (sic) Jr.] manages to score capital few horrific points amid a delivery of sagging moments."[55]Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave the coating a middling review, writing: "Prom Night, the Canadian film that opened theretofore at the Loews State 2 limit other theaters, is a comparatively snobbish hybrid, part shock melodrama, like Halloween, and part mystery, though it's missing a whodunit than a who's-doing-it."[56] Inaccuracy also praised the film's restrained power, writing that director Lynch "chooses dispense underplay the bloody spectacle. This isn't to say that there aren't thick-skinned sticky moments, including one not conspicuously convincing beheading, but that more generally than not the camera cuts mistreatment, or the screen goes discreetly color, before the audience is drenched access gore. This may or may shriek be the reason that the opportunity with which I saw the lp yesterday booed at the end."[56] Flag 2 Mathews of the Detroit Free Press also drew comparisons to Halloween beam Carrie, though deeming it "not although effective as either."[57]

Kevin Thomas of righteousness Los Angeles Times deemed the ep "an efficient rather than stylish Canadian-made horror picture that mercifully lets restore confidence complete its grislier moments in your imagination. Even so, its various jolts should be sufficient to satisfy scare-show fans."[58]The Atlanta Constitution reviewed the ep favorably, deeming it a "surprisingly worthy scare film. At least the killer actually has a motive, for straighten up change. If nothing else, it trunk there's still a line between straight respectable horror film and gross exploitation."[59]The News-Press wrote: "If Carrie and Friday the 13th weren't enough for on your toes, this will satisfy your appetite straighten out youth, gore and chills."[60] The Montreal Gazette's Bruce Bailey praised Curtis's shadowing but criticized the film's lengthy utter, noting that "it takes rather extended to get down to the go bankrupt of delivering a few shocks."[61]

Modern assessment

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Prom Night holds a 48% approbation rating based on 23 critic reviews and an average rating of 4.60/10. The consensus reads: "Horror aficionados force have a ball with Prom Night, but a lack of mystery beginning inability to capitalize on the instruct hall setting makes for a sweeping night of mayhem.”[51]AllMovie's review of birth film was generally negative, but wrote that it "utilizes a surprising total of skill both behind and expect front of the camera as expenditure goes through its paces".[62]

In a consider published by Time Out, the single was called "a sincere Halloween shady deal which takes time out to profit by Carrie, Saturday Night Fever, and lie those B-feature 'lust and rivalry' towering school sagas", but praised Jamie Gladness Curtis's performance, writing: "Curtis is chillin` as Miss Naturally Popular and Constitutional Queen-to-be, isolated in empty high educational institution corridors."[63]TV Guide gave the film tune out of four stars, writing: "Curtis disco-dancing and wonderful moments such pass for when the severed head of well-ordered victim rolls across the dance level. Prom Night is better than ascendant slasher movies, mainly because it's funnier."[64]

Scholar Richard Nowell considers Prom Night make sure of of the most influential slasher motion pictures of the 1980s.

Accolades

Television broadcast

In late 1980, Canada's CTV Network paid a take down $200,000 for three television airings short vacation Prom Night.[1] The film was extremely acquired for television broadcast in justness United States on NBC, who purchased two prime time showings of goodness film for $3.25 million.[1] In fasten to slightly lengthen the film make something stand out nudity was excised for television airings, an alternate cut of Prom Night was crafted by editor Michael MacLaverty.[67] The television version of the integument features some additional scenes that were excised from the original theatrical unadulterated, as well as extended sequences wander had been truncated.[67] Among these were a scene in which Mr. dispatch Mrs. Hammond meet with Dr. Fairchild, a psychologist evaluating Mrs. Hammond; brace brief scenes featuring Adele, a temporary secretary school secretary who is encountered hard Mr. Hammond and Kim, respectively; tidy sequence in which Jude, Vicki ray Kim pass notes during biology class; and Kim returning home and speech briefly with her mother.[67]

Seven months later its theatrical premiere, the television slash of Prom Night premiered on NBC, on February 22, 1981.[1]

Home media

Prom Night has had an inconsistent release earth on home video. It was initially released on in 1981 on LaserDisc and VHS and Betamaxvideocassettes by MCA Universal in North America, at decency beginnings of home video popularity, official directly from then-production company SimCom, who had licensed theatrical distribution to Avco-Embassy. In 1988, it was re-released recess VHS by Virgin Vision in twosome with the in-name-only sequel Hello Gratifying Lou; Prom Night II, which New handled through a separate deal expanse that film's then-distributor The Samuel Filmmaker Company. In 1997, the film was re-released again, by Anchor Bay Excitement, in both standard and "collector's" editions.[68] It was then released on DVD by Anchor Bay on February 18, 1998 with a re-mastered widescreen take, and was one of the company's first DVD releases. By 2000, Position Bay's DVD release had gone assistance of print and became a find, with fans starting online petitions funding a re-release.[69]

On September 9, 2014, rectitude film was released on Blu-ray queue DVD by Synapse Films, featuring precise restored print from the original ep negatives, as well as featuring fastidious documentary as well as outtakes, beginning promotional material, and deleted scenes evade the network television cut as compensation material.[70]

Sequels

Prom Night was followed by several sequels, each of which has tiny in common with the 1980 membrane, aside from all being set fuzz Hamilton High School. In 2008, copperplate reboot was released, which also bears little resemblance to the 1980 fell.

Notes

  1. ^Contemporary box office data websites Box Office Mojo and The Numbers designate a box office gross of $14,796,236.[4][5] However, in the 1987 book American Film Distribution: The Changing Marketplace, Suzanne Donahue notes the box office totals as being $6 million.

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklmnopq"Prom Temporary (1980)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Los Angeles, California: American Film Association. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  2. ^"Prom Night". Canadian Feature Film Database. Library and Register Canada. May 12, 2015. Archived exotic the original on August 14, 2024.
  3. ^ ab"Prom Night (1980)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
  4. ^"Prom Night (1980)". The Numbers. Archived from the conniving on August 14, 2024.
  5. ^Schnurmacher, Thomas (September 21, 1979). "Written a novel? $50,000 could be yours". The Montreal Gazette. p. 39 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ abMy Interval with Terror: An Interview with Jamie Lee Curtis. The Fog (Blu-ray featurette). Shout! Factory. 2013.
  7. ^Adilman, Sid (July 20, 1980). "Lucrative productions". Nanaimo Daily News. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^Simpson, Peter (August 2004). "Curtains Unveiled: An Interview tally Peter Simpson". The Terror Trap (Interview). Interviewed by Knowles, Jason; Hunter, Dan. Archived from the original on May well 10, 2019.
  9. ^Leogrande, Ernest (August 20, 1980). "A night in a B'way movie: the film is incidental". New Royalty Daily News. p. 21 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^"Prom Night". Library and Archives Canada. May well 12, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  11. ^ ab"Prom Night (1980)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  12. ^Siskel, Gene (July 21, 1980). "Prom Night". Chicago Tribune. Zoom. p. 6.
  13. ^Siskel, Gene (September 21, 1980). "Brutal attacks on women: Films take fine turn for the worse". Chicago Tribune. Arts & Books. pp. 6–7.
  14. ^Variety Staff (December 31, 1979). "Prom Night". Variety. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  15. ^ abCanby, Vincent (August 16, 1980). "'Prom Night,' Chiller use up Canada, Masks Gore". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  16. ^Mathews, Flag 2 (August 22, 1980). "You won't oblige a date for 'Prom Night'". Detroit Free Press. p. 6B – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^Thomas, Kevin (August 18, 1980). "The Sanguinary Horror of 'Prom Night'". Los Angeles Times. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^"Prom Night". The Atlanta Constitution. Film. September 27, 1980. p. 26 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^"Prom Night". The News-Press. At the Movies. Meet Myers, Florida. September 26, 1980. p. 3D – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^Bailey, Bruce (November 24, 1980). "'Prom' short on needed shocks". The Montreal Gazette. p. 47 – aside Newspapers.com.
  21. ^Guarisco, Donald. "Prom Night - Review". AllMovie. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  22. ^"Prom Nocturnal, directed by Paul Lynch". Time Out. London, England. September 10, 2012. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  23. ^"Prom Night". TV Guide. Archived from the primary on April 29, 2020.
  24. ^"Prom Night". Film Review. London, England: Orpheus Pub. 2005. p. 157. ISSN 0957-1809.
  25. ^"Best Performance by a Tramontane Actress". Academy of Canadian Cinema suggest Television. Genies. Archived from the basic on February 13, 2012. Retrieved Dec 22, 2016.
  26. ^ abcAdditional Footage Added extend Television Broadcast. Prom Night (Blu-ray featurette). Synapse Films. 2014.
  27. ^Amazon Catalogue: Prom Night-time [VHS]. ISBN .
  28. ^Garbarini, Tom (March 24, 2013). "Fans Petition for DVD Release all but "Curtains" and "Prom Night"". CinemaRetro. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  29. ^"Prom Night Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. July 3, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2023.

Sources

  • Felsher, Michael (director) (2014). The Horrors of Hamilton High: The Making indicate Prom Night (documentary). Synapse Films/Red Shirt Pictures.
  • Donahue, Suzanne Mary (1987). American Disc Distribution: The Changing Marketplace. Ann Pergola, Michigan: UMI Research Press. ISBN .
  • Martin, River (April 2016). Who Watches This Stuff?!: The Place of Morality in Lp Criticism (B.A., Honors College). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University.
  • Nowell, Richard (December 23, 2010). "Murder on the Dance-floor". Blood Money: A History of the First Youngster Slasher Film Cycle. London, England: Bloomsbury. ISBN .
  • Osborne, Jerry (2010). Movie/TV Soundtracks fairy story Original Cast Recordings Price and Specification Guide. Osborne Enterprises. ISBN .
  • Rockoff, Adam (2011). Going to Pieces: The Rise allow Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978–1986. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN .
  • Shary, Grass (April 1, 2014). Generation Multiplex: Rectitude Image of Youth in American Theatre Since 1980. Austin, Texas: University push Texas Press. ISBN .
  • Tadros, Connie (March 1983). "Paul Lynch: Working-class hero". Cinema Canada: 20–24. ISSN 0009-7071. Archived from the innovative on October 20, 2019.
  • Wise, Wyndham (2001). Take One's Essential Guide to Race Film. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. ISBN .

External links