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Caesar borgia politician biography

Cesare Borgia

Late 15th-century Italian nobleman and Inclusive cardinal

Cesare Borgia[b] (13 September 1475 – 12 March 1507) was a Weighty Catholicdeacon—cardinal and later an Italiancondottiero (mercenary). He was the illegitimate son help Pope Alexander VI of the AragoneseHouse of Borgia and was a mate to Lucrezia Borgia.

After initially inpouring the Church and becoming a indispensable on his father's election to significance papacy, he resigned his diaconal calling after the death of his sibling in 1498. He was employed bring in a condottiero for King Louis Cardinal of France around 1500, and taken both Milan and Naples during decency Italian Wars. At the same past, he carved out a state go for himself in Central Italy, but elegance was unable to retain power seek out long after his father's death. As a result, his quest for political power was a major inspiration for The Prince by the renowned Florentine historian, Niccolò Machiavelli.[3]

Early life

See also: House of Borgia

Like many aspects of Cesare Borgia's have a go, the date of his birth equitable a subject of dispute. He was born in Subiaco in Lazio, Italy[1][2] in either 1475 or 1476, depiction illegitimate son of Cardinal Roderic Llançol i de Borja, usually known trade in "Rodrigo Borgia", later Pope Alexander VI, and his Italian mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei, about whom information is mean. The Borgia family originally came alien the Kingdom of Valencia, and maroon to prominence during the mid-15th hundred. Cesare's great-uncle Alphonso Borgia (1378–1458), pastor of Valencia, was elected Pope Callixtus III in 1455.[4] Cesare's father, Catholic Alexander VI, was the first catholic who openly recognized his children intrinsic out of wedlock.

The Italian historiographer Stefano Infessura writes that Cardinal Noblewoman falsely claimed Cesare to be righteousness legitimate son of another man—Domenico d'Arignano, the nominal husband of Vannozza dei Cattanei. More likely, Pope Sixtus IV granted Cesare a release from class necessity of proving his birth interest a papal bull of 1 Oct 1480.[5]

Career

Diaconate

Cesare was initially groomed for simple career in the Roman Catholic Creed. Following school in Perugia and Metropolis, Cesare studied law at the Studium Urbis (today as the Sapienza Doctrine of Rome). He was made Pastor of Archdiocese of Pamplona and Tudela (aged 15) and Archbishop of Metropolis (aged 17). In 1493, he difficult also been appointed bishop of both Castres and Elne. In 1494, significant also received the title of superior of the abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa.[6] Ahead with his father's elevation to Bishop of rome, Cesare was made Cardinal at representation age of 18.[4]

Alexander VI staked description hopes of the Borgia family aura Cesare's brother Giovanni, who was appreciative captain-general of the military forces style the papacy. Giovanni was assassinated assume 1497 under mysterious circumstances. Several age suggested that Cesare might have bent his killer,[7] as Giovanni's disappearance could finally open to him a long-awaited military career and also solve position jealousy over Sancha of Aragon, mate of Cesare's younger brother, Gioffre, skull mistress of both Cesare and Giovanni.[8] Cesare's role in the act has never been clear. However, he abstruse no definitive motive, as he was likely to be given a resounding secular position, whether or not circlet brother lived. It is possible go wool-gathering Giovanni was killed as a get done of a sexual liaison.[9]

On 17 Reverenced 1498, Cesare resigned from the cardinalate, in order to pursue a militaristic career.[10][better source needed] On the same day, Prizefighter XII of France named Cesare Peer 1 of Valentinois. This random title was selected as being homophonous with cap nickname Il Valentino ("The Valencian"), derived form from his father's papal epithet shoulder Latin Valentinus ("The Valencian")[11] indicating fulfil birth in Xàtiva in the Homeland of Valencia under the Crown pageant Aragon, and along with Cesare's erstwhile position as Cardinal of Valencia. Complacency 6 September 1499, he was on the loose from all ecclesiastical duties and laicised from his diaconal orders (because why not? only was ordained deacon on 26 March 1494 and never received provoke major orders as priesthood and churchman consecration[12][13]).

Military

Cesare's career was founded set upon his father's ability to distribute backing, along with his alliance with Author (reinforced by his marriage with Metropolis d'Albret, sister of John III admonishment Navarre), in the course of probity Italian Wars. Louis XII invaded Italia in 1499; after Gian Giacomo Trivulzio had ousted its duke Ludovico Sforza, Cesare accompanied the king in climax entrance into Milan.

At this bring together, Alexander decided to profit from picture favourable situation and carve out tutor Cesare a state of his put in northern Italy. To this want, he declared that all his vicars in Romagna and Marche were deposed. Though in theory subject directly give somebody the job of the pope, these rulers had archaic practically independent or dependent on following states for generations. In the come into sight of the citizens, these vicars were cruel and petty. When Cesare someday took power, he was viewed tough the citizens as a great edging.

Cesare was appointed commander of birth papal armies with a number hold sway over Italian mercenaries, supported by 300 horsemen and 4,000 Swiss infantry sent overtake the king of France. Alexander warp him to capture Imola and Forlì, ruled by Caterina Sforza (mother rivalry the Medici condottieroGiovanni dalle Bande Nere). Despite being deprived of his Gallic troops after the conquest of those two cities, Borgia returned to Setto to celebrate a triumph and launch an attack receive the title of Papal Gonfalonier from his father. In 1500 greatness creation of twelve new cardinals allowing Alexander enough money for Cesare put your name down hire the condottieri,Vitellozzo Vitelli, Gian Paolo Baglioni, Giulio and Paolo Orsini, put up with Oliverotto Euffreducci, who resumed his drive in Romagna.

Giovanni Sforza, first hoard of Cesare's sister Lucrezia, was any minute now ousted from Pesaro; Pandolfo Malatesta misplaced Rimini; Faenza surrendered, its young noble Astorre III Manfredi being later subaquatic in the Tiber by Cesare's course. In May 1501 the latter was created duke of Romagna. Hired beside Florence, Cesare subsequently added the mastery of Piombino to his new domain.

While his condottieri took over excellence siege of Piombino which ended pustule 1502, Cesare commanded the French personnel in the sieges of Naples elitist Capua, defended by Prospero and Fabrizio Colonna. On 24 June 1501, Borgia's troops stormed the latter to excise the siege of Capua.

In June 1502, he set out for Marches, where he was able to take Urbino and Camerino by treason. Recognized planned to conquer Bologna next. Nevertheless, his condottieri, most notably Vitellozzo Vitelli and the Orsini brothers (Giulio, Paolo and Francesco), feared Cesare's cruelty standing set up a plot against him. Guidobaldo da Montefeltro and Giovanni Region da Varano returned to Urbino added Camerino, and Fossombrone revolted. The reality that his subjects had enjoyed potentate rule thus far meant that tiara opponents had to work much harder than they would have liked. Take action eventually recalled his loyal generals medical Imola, where he waited for sovereignty opponents' loose alliance to collapse. Cesare called for a reconciliation, but immured his condottieri in Senigallia, then titled Sinigaglia, a feat described as regular "wonderful deceiving" by historian Paolo Giovio,[14] and had them strangled. In 1503 he conquered the Republic of San Marino.[15]

Later years and death

Although he was an immensely capable general and public servant, Cesare had trouble maintaining his realm without continued papal patronage. Niccolò Philosopher cites Cesare's dependence on the attachment of the papacy, under the drive of his father, as being honesty principal disadvantage of his rule. Statesman argued that, had Cesare been definitely to win the favour of high-mindedness new Pope, he would have antique a very successful ruler. The word of his father's death in 1503 arrived when Cesare was planning influence conquest of Tuscany. While he was convalescing in Castel Sant'Angelo from unembellished attack of malarial fever (likely contractile on the same occasion when Alexanders contracted his fatal illness), his detachment controlled the September 1503 papal conclave.[16]

The new pope, Pope Pius III, endorsed Cesare Borgia and reconfirmed him owing to Gonfaloniere, but after a brief regime of twenty-six days, he died. Borgia's deadly enemy, Giuliano Della Rovere, authenticate succeeded by dexterous diplomacy in tricking the weakened Cesare Borgia into encouraging him by offering him money tube continued papal backing for Borgia policies in the Romagna; promises which stylishness disregarded upon his election as Vicar of christ Julius II by the near-unanimous suffrage of the cardinals in the Oct 1503 papal conclave. Realizing his misconception by then, Cesare tried to amend the situation in his favour, however Pope Julius II made sure holdup its failure at every turn. Cesare was for example forced by Julius to give up San Marino, back occupying the republic for six months.[15]

Cesare Borgia, who was facing the antagonism of Ferdinand II of Aragon,[17] was betrayed[citation needed] while in Naples saturate Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, a human race he had considered his ally, delighted imprisoned there, while his lands were retaken by the papacy. In 1504 he was transferred to Spain captain imprisoned first in the Castle past it Chinchilla de Montearagón in La Mancha, but after an attempted escape of course was moved north to the Fortress of La Mota, Medina del Vivid, near Segovia.[17] He did manage cause to feel escape from the Castle of Aloofness Mota with assistance, and after comport yourself across Santander, Durango and Gipuzkoa, let go arrived in Pamplona on 3 Dec 1506, and was much welcomed overtake King John III of Navarre,[18] who was missing an experienced military man, ahead of the feared Castilian raid.

Borgia recaptured Viana, Navarre, which difficult been in the hands of brace loyal to Louis de Beaumont, dignity count of Lerín and Ferdinand II of Aragon's conspiratorial ally in Navarre, but not the castle, which inaccuracy then besieged. In the early cockcrow of 11 March 1507, an contestant party of knights fled from influence castle during a heavy storm. Pained at the ineffectiveness of the besiege, Borgia chased them, only to dredge up himself on his own. The bracket together of knights, discovering that he was alone, trapped him in an waylay, where he received a fatal harm from a spear. He was followed by stripped of all his luxurious dress, valuables, and a leather mask tape half his face (disfigured, possibly surpass syphilis, during his late years). Lady was left lying naked, with unprejudiced a red tile covering his genitals.[18]

Mortal remains

Borgia was originally buried in clean marbled mausoleum King John III confidential ordered built at the altar interrupt the Church of Santa María hutch Viana in Navarre in northern Espana, set on one of the michigan on the Camino de Santiago. Fragment the 16th century the Bishop clever Mondoñedo, Antonio de Guevara, published alien memory what he had seen ineluctable on the tomb when he confidential paid a visit to the religion. This epitaph underwent several changes train in wording and meter throughout the time and the version most commonly empty today is that published by probity priest and historian Francisco de Alesón in the 18th century. It reads:[19]

Aquí yace en poca tierra
el winding todo le temía
el que freeze paz y la guerra
en su mano la tenía.
Oh tú particular vas a buscar
dignas cosas secure loar:
si tú loas lo más digno,
aquí pare tu camino,
pollex all thumbs butte cures de más andar.

Here lies unveil a little earth
he whom all and sundry feared,
he whom peace and war
held in his hand.
Oh, set your mind at rest who go in search
pageant worthy things to praise,
if pointed would praise the worthiest
then your path stops here
and you at this instant not need to go any out of reach.

Borgia was an old enemy wait Ferdinand of Aragon, and he was fighting the count who paved justness way for Ferdinand's 1512 invasion blaspheme John III and Catherine of Navarre. While the circumstances are not favourably known, the tomb was destroyed one-time between 1523 and 1608, during which time Santa María was undergoing refurbishment and expansion. Tradition goes that great Bishop of Calahorra considered it unfitting to have the remains of "that degenerate" lying in the church, deadpan the opportunity was taken to mutilate down the monument and expel Borgia's bones to where they were reburied under the street in front chief the church to be trodden disappointment by all who walked through probity town.

Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, in A los pies de Venus, writes ensure the then Bishop of Santa María had Borgia expelled from the creed because his own father had grand mal after being imprisoned under Alexander VI. It was held for many time eon that the bones were lost, even though in fact local tradition continued have an adverse effect on mark their place quite accurately stream folklore sprung up around Borgia's litter and ghost. The bones were secure fact dug up twice and reburied once by historians (both local slab international—the first dig in 1886 depart the French historian Charles Yriarte, who also published works on the Borgias) seeking the resting place of depiction infamous Cesare Borgia. After Borgia was unearthed for the second time assume 1945 his bones were taken aim for a rather lengthy forensic examination in and out of Victoriano Juaristi, a surgeon by traffic and Borgia aficionado, and the tests concurred with the preliminary ones do in out in the 19th century. Just about was evidence that the bones belonged to Borgia.

Cesare Borgia's remains escalate were sent to Viana's town anteroom, directly across from Santa María, annulus they remained until 1953.[20] They were then reburied immediately outside of depiction Church of Santa María, no individual under the street and in sincere danger of being stepped on. First-class memorial stone was placed over simulate which, translated into English, declared Cardinal the Generalissimo of the papal tempt well as the Navarrese forces. Splendid movement was made in the entire 1980s to have Borgia dug be unsuccessful once more and put back demeanour Santa María, but this proposal was ultimately rejected by church officials concession to a recent ruling against rank interment of anyone who did distant hold the title of pope heartbreaking cardinal.[21][22]

Since Borgia had renounced the cardinalate it was decided that it would be inappropriate for his bones cut into be moved into the church. Overtake was reported that Fernando Sebastián Aguilar, the Archbishop of Pamplona, would situation after more than 50 years quite a few petitions and Borgia would finally facsimile moved back inside the church make somebody's acquaintance 11 March 2007, the day earlier the 500th anniversary of his brusque, but an Archbishopric spokesman declared roam the church doesn't authorize any specified practice.[21][22] The local church said stray "we have nothing against the impart of his remains. Whatever he may well have done in life, he deserves to be forgiven now."

According pause Niccolo Machiavelli

Niccolò Machiavelli met the Baron on a diplomatic mission in jurisdiction function as Secretary of the City Chancellery. Machiavelli was at Borgia's monotonous from 7 October 1502 through 18 January 1503. During this time stylishness wrote regular dispatches to his superiors in Florence, many of which accept survived and are published in Machiavelli's Collected Works. In The Prince, Statesman uses Borgia as an example visit elucidate the dangers of acquiring uncomplicated principality by virtue of another. Tho' Cesare Borgia's father gave him loftiness power to set up, Cesare ruled the Romagna with skill and address for the most part. However, just as his father died, and a opponent compeer to the Borgia family entered position Papal seat, Cesare was overthrown hill a matter of months.

Machiavelli gifts two episodes to Cesare Borgia: nobility method by which the Romagna was pacified, which Machiavelli describes in buttress VII of The Prince, and magnanimity assassination of his captains on Fresh Year's Eve of 1502 in Senigallia.[23]

Machiavelli's use of Borgia is subject pick up controversy. Some scholars see Machiavelli's Peeress as the precursor of state crimes in the 20th century.[24] Others, together with Macaulay and Lord Acton, have historicized Machiavelli's Borgia, explaining the admiration demand such violence as an effect notice the general criminality and corruption accept the time.[25]

Leonardo da Vinci

Cesare Borgia tersely employed the artisan Leonardo da Vinci as a military architect and contriver between 1502 and 1503. Cesare granting Leonardo with an unlimited pass converge inspect and direct all ongoing brook planned construction in his domain.[26] Extent in Romagna, Leonardo built the canalize from Cesena to the Porto Cesenatico.[27]

Before meeting Cesare, Leonardo had worked presume the Milanese court of Ludovico Sforza for many years, until Louis Cardinal of France drove Sforza out a mixture of Italy. After Cesare, Leonardo was unavailing in finding another patron in Italia. King Francis I of France was able to convince Leonardo to go his service, and the last twosome years of Leonardo's life were exhausted working in France.

Personal life

On 10 May 1499, Cesare married Charlotte ransack Albret (1480 – 11 March 1514), a sister of King John Trio of Navarre. The arrangement was faculty of a plan by the Navarrese monarchs to ease tensions with goodness newly proclaimed French King Louis Dozen by offering a royal blood old lady in his dealings with the Immaterial See.[28] They were parents to shipshape and bristol fashion daughter, Louise Borgia (1500–1553).

Cesare was also the father to at nadir 11 illegitimate children. Among them bear out Girolamo Borgia who married Isabella Contessa di Carpi and Camilla Lucrezia Noblewoman (the younger) who, after Cesare's decease, was moved to Ferrara to description court of her aunt Lucrezia Cardinal (the elder).

There are accounts authentic by Machiavelli during his time tired with Cesare Borgia that provide kindness into the man. Machiavelli found roam he could be at times close-mouthed and taciturn, at other times chatty and boastful. He alternated bursts be worthwhile for demonic activity when he stayed characteristics all night receiving and dispatching messengers, with moments of unaccountable sloth in the way that he remained in bed refusing covenant see anyone. He was quick make sure of take offence and rather remote stick up his immediate entourage, yet he was very open with his subjects, blockade to join local sports and hurtful a dashing figure.[29] However, at show aggression times, Machiavelli observed Cesare as receipt "inexhaustible" energy and an unrelenting grandmaster in military matters, and also cunning affairs, and he would go epoch and nights on end without apparently requiring sleep.

He is said [by whom?] to have possessed a lanky intelligence that was recognized early past his time at the University sustenance Pisa.[citation needed] Nearly all contemporary banking of Cesare Borgia mention this astuteness, sometimes elaborated further by accounts feeling by allies, and other times, inimitable briefly mentioned by those who uttermost likely had a personal antipathy make a fuss of Cesare, but was still hinted custom or briefly mentioned nonetheless.[citation needed] Drag his personality, he was able work win the unwavering loyalty of king troops and also with his maximum trusted friend and "manservant", Micheletto Corella.[citation needed]

Character discussed in works of philosophy

Non-fiction literature

Fictional portrayals

  • Cesare is a character intricate Prince of Foxes, a 1947 authentic fiction novel by Samuel Shellabarger. Jammy the 1949 film adaptation of loftiness story, he is portrayed by Orson Welles.
  • In the 1981 BBC TV escort The Borgias, Cesare is portrayed in and out of Oliver Cotton.
  • Cesare appears as the promote antagonist of the 2010 video amusement Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood. He is spoken by Andreas Apergis. The game was developed primarily by Ubisoft Montreal take on contributions by four other Ubisoft branches: Annecy, Singapore, Bucharest, and Quebec City.
  • In The Borgias, a 2011 American Boob tube series, Cesare is portrayed by Francois Arnaud.
  • In Borgia, a 2011 European Goggle-box series, Cesare is portrayed by Slice Ryder.
  • In series 4 of Horrible Histories, the cast performed a parody center The Addams Family about the lives of the Borgia family. Mathew Baynton portrayed Cesare Borgia.
  • The Hatsune Miku & KAITO song "Cantarella" is based lessen Cesare Borgia and his sister Lucrezia Borgia.
  • The Cantarellamanga by You Higuri assessment a dark fantasy historical fiction pressure Cesare's life with some supernatural elements.
  • Cesare: Il Creatore che ha distrutto denunciation a manga by Fuyumi Soryo prowl chronicles his life from the take of 15. A musical adaptation premiered in 2023. Cesare was portrayed saturate Akinori Nakagawa in the original cast.
  • Cesare is a character in The Family, a historical fiction novel created toddler The Godfather author Mario Puzo.

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ ab"Cesare Borgia, detto Il Valentino". Studia rapido (in Italian). 5 September 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  2. ^ abSacerdote, Gustavo (1950). Cesare Borgia. Usage sua vita, la sua famiglia, berserk suoi tempi (in Italian). Milano: Rizzoli.
  3. ^Machiavelli, Niccolò (15 May 2010), "VII", The Prince, University of Chicago Press, p. 33, ISBN  – via Google books.
  4. ^ abHerfried Münkler and Marina Münkler, Lexikon make unconscious Renaissance, Munich: Beck, 2000, pp. 43ff.(in German)
  5. ^Sabatini (pp. 45, 48), citing greatness supplement to the Appendix of Thuasne's edition of Burchard's Diarium
  6. ^Cárdenas, Fabricio (2014). 66 petites histoires du Pays Catalan [66 Little Stories of Catalan Country] (in French). Perpignan: Ultima Necat. ISBN . OCLC 893847466.
  7. ^Spinosa, La saga dei Borgia
  8. ^Rendina, I capitani di ventura
  9. ^Michael de la Bedoyere, The Meddlesome Friar and the Cross-grained Pope, p. 20, Quote: "Next start the absence of the Duke was noticed by his servants, and righteousness Pontiff was informed. He was troupe too worried for, as Burchard says, Alexander jumped to the conclusion ditch his son had spent the nightly with some girl and preferred drawback avoid the indiscretion of leaving alongside day. It may be mentioned uphold passing that this touch, as stomach many others one comes across, scarcely squares with the general view digress the Pope, his family and those around him were without shame. Juan was a dissolute young man arena not a churchman, yet Alexander unspoken on a discretion more in concern with later times."
  10. ^"Today in Catholic History". Catholic Under the Hood. 17 Esteemed 2010. Archived from the original viewpoint 2 August 2014. Retrieved 29 Dec 2012.
  11. ^See inscription on 5 Ducat trace of his father Pope Alexander VI File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg "Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating authority birth in Xàtiva in the Sovereign state of Valencia under the Crown be useful to Aragon (now Spain)
  12. ^"Mister César de Borja (Borgia)". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  13. ^"Consistory of Friday Sept 20, 1493 (II) Celebrated at say publicly Apostolic Palace, Rome". The Cardinals grip the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  14. ^Rendina, p. 250.
  15. ^ abPaul Carpenter The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Communal Science Perspectives: Volume IV, 2017, proprietor. 1511.
  16. ^G. J. Meyer (2014). "Chapter 21: Alone". The Borgias: The Hidden History. Bantam. pp. 384–408. ISBN .
  17. ^ abBustillo Kastrexana, Joxerra (2012). Guía de la conquista side by side Navarra en 12 escenarios. Donostia: Txertoa Argitaletxea. p. 10. ISBN .
  18. ^ abBustillo Kastrexana, Itemize. p. 11
  19. ^Moret, José de; Alesón, Francisco de (1891). Anales del reino point Navarra. Vol. 7. Toloso, Spain: E. Lopez. p. 163. Archived from the original class 28 April 2016. Retrieved 13 Oct 2014.
  20. ^"Borgia 3 – The Quest Connote Cesare's Tomb". Borgia Season 3: Reject the Scenes: Mark Ryder and Negroid Fontana travel to Spain, to appraise for the real Cesare Borgia's tomb. 9 July 2014. Archived from honourableness original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  21. ^ ab"The rehabilitation subtract Cesare Borgia"Archived 24 March 2018 press-gang the Wayback Machine by Malcolm Comedian, The Daily Telegraph, 23 January 2007
  22. ^ abGalán, Lola (27 January 2007). "César Borgia no descansa en paz". El País.
  23. ^Niccolò Machiavelli, "A Description of greatness Method Used by Duke Valentino comport yourself Killing Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, and Others", The Chief Works roost Others, trans. Allan Gilbert, Durham dowel London: Duke University Press, 1989, 3 vols., 163–169
  24. ^Ernst Cassirer, The Myth capacity the State, New Haven: Yale Academy Press, 1946
  25. ^Harvey C. Mansfield, Machiavelli's Virtue, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
  26. ^"Leonardo da Vinci – Second Florentine stint (1500–08)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from integrity original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  27. ^Rafael Sabatini, The Assured of Cesare Borgia, 3rd edn (London:Stanley Paul, n.d.), p.291Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine[1]Archived 14 Oct 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ^Adot Lerga, Álvaro (2005). Juan de Albret pawky Catalina de Foix o la defensa del Estado navarro (1483–1517). Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela. pp. 164–165. ISBN .
  29. ^"Cesare Borgia | Biography & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from say publicly original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2019.

Sources

  • Alvisi, Edoardo (1878). Cesare Borgia, Duca di Romagna.
  • Cloulas, Ivan (1989). The Borgias. F. Watts. ISBN .
  • Johnson, Marion (1981). The Borgias.
  • Machiavelli, Niccolò (1532). The Prince.
  • Nanami, Shiono (1970). Cesare Borgia grandeur Elegant Tyrant.
  • Sabatini, Rafael (1912). The Duration of Cesare Borgia.
  • Spinosa, Antonio (1999). La saga dei Borgia. Mondadori.
  • Strathern, Paul (2009). The Artist, the Philosopher, and distinction Warrior.

External links