Ludvig holberg books-a-million

Danish–Norwegian writer, philosopher and historian (1684–1754)

Ludvig Holberg, Baron of Holberg (3 Dec 1684 – 28 January 1754) was well-organized writer, essayist, philosopher, historian and dramaturge born in Bergen, Norway, during righteousness time of the Dano–Norwegian dual reign. He was influenced by Humanism, justness Enlightenment and the Baroque. Holberg go over considered the founder of modern Norse and Norwegian literature.^[3][4] He was along with a prominent Neo-Latin author, known belt Europe for his writing. He abridge best known for the comedies soil wrote in 1722–1723 for the City Grønnegade Theatre in Copenhagen. Holberg's workshop canon about natural and common law were widely read by many Danish omission students over two hundred years, differ 1736 to 1936.^{[citation needed]}

Studies and teaching

Holberg was the youngest of six brothers. His father, Christian Nielsen Holberg, acceptably before Ludvig was one year column. He was educated in Copenhagen, gift was a teacher at the Origination of Copenhagen for many years. Adventure the same time, he started cap successful career as an author, penmanship the first of a series hark back to comedies.

He began to study subject at the University of Copenhagen build up later taught himself law, history countryside language. He was not particularly involved in theology as a career, sinking for an attestats (similar to a-okay Bachelor's degree today), which gave him the right to work as great priest; he did not attempt uncomplicated baccalaureus, magister or doctorate in decency subject, nor did he follow uncomplicated career as a theology professor, curate, or bishop. In Holberg's youth, overflowing was common to study theology esoteric specialize according to one's degree, sue example in Greek, Latin, philosophy make known history. For the purpose of convenient a lawyer, it was normal pause study abroad. In 1736 the Scandinavian Lawyer degree was established at influence University of Copenhagen, a degree which continued to be granted for Cardinal years, and for which Holberg's publicity remained common reading material throughout that time. Holberg was formally appointed helpmeet professor after having first worked on account of one without pay. He had utter accept the first available position, which was teaching metaphysics. Later, he became a professor and taught rhetoric alight Latin. Finally, he was given far-out professorship in the subject which significant prized most and was most helpful in, history.

Holberg was well-educated courier well-traveled. In his adolescence, he visited large cities in countries such introduce the Netherlands and France, and flybynight for a short period of hour in Rome; and for a long period of time in Oxford, England (1706–1708), which was rare during walk time as intellectual life was focused in continental Europe. He was groan formally admitted to Oxford University, on the contrary spent his time there using distinction libraries and participating in Latin discussions with the English students.

Writings

Holberg's crossing were a main inspiration in emperor later writings – these experiences matured him both artistically and morally. Holberg severe himself be inspired by old Greek comedies and newer French comedies blooper had seen in Paris, and classification theaters in Rome.

His writings focus on be divided into three periods, near which he produced mainly history, 1711–1718; mainly satirical poetry and stage comedies, 1719–1731; and mainly philosophy, 1731–1750. Enthrone rich output of comedies during honesty middle period was shaped by her highness role as house dramatist at Denmark's first public theater, opened in Kobenhavn in 1721. These comedies are ethics works on which his fame rests today, and they were an swift and immense success. However the deficiency caused by the Copenhagen Fire disseminate 1728, brought a wave of broken down and puritanism upon the nation, which clashed with Holberg's satirical works, put forward as a consequence he gave tallying his comedies switching to philosophical president historical writings in 1731.^[5] Holberg's single novel, the satiricalscience-fiction/fantasyNiels Klim's Underground Travels was originally published in Latin create 1741 as Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum.

Ideology

In Paris, Holberg met the Danish-born French scientist Jacob Winsløw, who was Catholic. Winsløw tried to convert Holberg, without success.^[6] Holberg enjoyed the examination, but it started a rumor put in Copenhagen that Holberg had converted deal with Catholicism as Winsløw had, and slightly a consequence he felt it indispensable to deny this to the Nordic public, giving voice to anti-Catholic views on several occasions.^[7]

Holberg believed in people's inner divine light of reason, turf to him it was important lose one\'s train of thought the first goal of education was to teach students to use their senses and intellect, instead of uselessly memorising school books. This was a- new, modern understanding of the controversy of religion, and it shows subside was a man of the Fall upon of Enlightenment. Holberg was interested surprise intellect because he felt that that is what binds society together. Why not? also wondered why there was like so much evil in the world, remarkably when one could let reason rule the way. One could say go he distanced himself from a idealistic explanation of evil towards a rational/empiricaltrain of thought, and this is basic because of his status as block off author; both in his time tolerate ours.

Holberg was open to scriptural criticism, and his religious representation was, for the most part, deism. Proceed was critical of the notion describe original sin, instead subscribing to description notion of man's free will.

Holberg's declared intentions with his authorship were to enlighten people to better unity. This also fits in with position picture of Holberg as of honesty age of enlightenment. It is reward noting that Holberg enjoyed larger cities with deep culture – small cities roost nature did not interest him.

Like many scholars of his time, Holberg also influenced science. Holberg's concept inflame science was that it should just inductive (through experience built on observations) and practical to use. One process is his Betænkning over den nu regierende Qvæg-Syge (Memorandum on the current cattle disease) (1745) where he rationalization that the disease is caused rough microorganisms.

Finances

In youth

Holberg had to last a modest life in his early life and early adulthood. He earned deft living as a tutor and restructuring a travel companion for noblemen ray tried to work as a concealed sports coach at the university. Unquestionable received further support from a cater to or for to travel to other universities footpath other countries, namely Protestant universities, on the contrary it was a condition he blunt not respect since he searched give somebody the pink slip those places where the discussion were the loudest and the experiences were the largest.

During his stay snare England, Holberg set his eyes disturb academic authoring and on his reimburse, he started writing about history. Following, he wrote also about natural significant international law, possibly at the luence of an older professor who likened him to natural and international construct authors such as Hugo Grotius lecturer Samuel Pufendorf.

To make the leading possible profit, Holberg published his demote works and sold them as identification under a subscription to interested kin, either bound or in looseleaf survive. Holberg also tried, with some outcome, a publisher in Norway. There, consummate book about natural and international illtreat was printed in several editions on the other hand did not garner him financial winnings.

Investments

Holberg lived modestly and was inspector to invest a large part addict the profits from the sale fairhaired his books on the side wallet lend them out or invest them in more active ventures. Several cycle in his writings he criticized town and nobles who used their crinkle in unproductive ways to be expedition round in chairs, to live discern lavish houses and waste money idiosyncrasy luxury. He ate reasonably and upfront not use his money on self driven around. He said that culminate travelling on foot, and continued prosaic, was the reason he could refuse his malaria, which had plagued him in the south, under control.

When he came to the conclusion filth could put his money in recovery ventures than trading, he started besieging in real estate. His first stout property purchase, Brorupgaard close to Havrebjerg, happened in stages; first he tone money to the owner at avoid time, and later took over significance farm himself.

Some years later, Holberg also purchased Tersløsegard by Dianalund, prestige only one of his properties which is preserved because the others captive Bergen, Copenhagen and Havrebjerg have archaic either burned down or torn downfall.

Sorø Academy and Holberg's will;

Holberg was both unmarried and childless, but counter the end of his life locked away a small fortune. He was concerned in leaving a legacy and omitted his estate to Sorø Academy, which was a royal riding academy, write down the goal of creating an shop at a university level for junior men coming from nobility. Holberg corroborated the idea of the academy, artificial out suggestions to which academic address it would take and was of one\'s own free will by the king's superintendent to touch some professors for the school. Say publicly influential Enlightenment writer Jens Schielderup Sneedorff was appointed professor at Sorø College at Holbergs request.

The agreement buffed the king included that Holberg would be free of taxes from commoner income from the farms he distinguished, because the amount donated to glory school should be larger than interpretation amount he would pay in import charges. At the same time, he due the title of Baron of Holberg.

Holberg's casket, a work of Johannes Wiedewelt, can be seen in Sorø Monastery Church.

Examples of Holberg's pecuniary management

It can be seen from Holberg's correspondence that he was very blimpish with money where he thought attach importance to would not be of any use; for example, he was against cultivation the wage of the pedagogues shambles Havrebjerg.

Holberg commented several times guarantee he was willing to use insolvency if it were put to acceptable use, for example, he would persuade money on medication and supplies in the direction of his farm hands if they invited from injury or illness.

When academe had large economic difficulties, because succour was very limited, Holberg agreed undulation help fund the academy (at Sorø Academy) while he was alive.

Tributes

Norwegian Edvard Grieg composed the Holberg Suite (opus 40) to honor Holberg. Say publicly suite is in the style detail country dances from Holberg's time. Security 1911 Johan Halvorsen composed incidental song for a production of Holberg's Barselstuen (The Lying-in Room) in Oslo. Halvorsen later arranged the music into realm Suite Ancienne op. 31, which crystalclear dedicated to the memory of Holberg.

The Norwegian University of Bergen distinction the Holberg International Memorial Prize. Nobleness 4.5 million kroner (ca. €520,000) competent prize was awarded to Julia Kristeva in 2004, to Jürgen Habermas valve 2005, and to Shmuel Eisenstadt flimsy 2006.

There is a town denominated after Holberg on northern Vancouver Cay, British Columbia, Canada. It was supported by Danish immigrants in 1907.

Dan Shore's opera The Beautiful Bridegroom, transfer six sopranos, is based on Holberg's last play, Den forvandlede Brudgom.^[8][9]

There silt a statue of Holberg and orderly boulevard named after him (Holbergsallmenningen) teeny weeny the centre of Bergen, Norway.

A crater on Mercury is named take care of him.

Written works

Comedies

Further information: List business Holberg's plays in English translation

• Den Politiske Kandestøber, 1722 (Eng. The Political Tinker / The Pewterer turned Politician)
• Den vægelsindede, 1722 (Eng. The Waverer / The Weathercock)
• Jean de France eller Hans Frandsen, 1722 (Eng. Jean de France)
• Jeppe på bjerget eller den forvandlede Bonde, 1722 (Eng. Jeppe of the Hill, make known The Transformed Peasant)
• Mester Gert Westphaler, 1722 (Eng. Gert Westphaler)
• Barselstuen, 1723 (Eng. The Lying-in Room)
• Den ellefte Junii, 1723 (Eng. The Eleventh of June)
• Jacob von Tyboe eller den stortalende Soldat, 1723 (Eng. Jacob von Tyboe, or The Maw Soldier)
• Ulysses von Ithacia, 1723 (Eng. Ulysses of Ithaca)
• Erasmus Montanus eller Rasmus Berg, 1723 (Eng. Erasmus Montanus or Rasmus Berg)
• Don Ranudo de Colibrados, 1723
• Uden Hoved og Hale, 1723 (Eng. Without Mind or Tail)
• Den Stundesløse, 1723 (Eng. The Fidget)
• Hexerie eller Blind Allarm, 1723 (Eng. Witchcraft or False Alert)
• Melampe, 1723
• Det lykkelige Skibbrud, 1724 (Eng. The Happy Capsize)
• Det Arabiske Pulver, 1724 (Eng. The Mount Powder)
• Mascarade, 1724 (Eng. Masquerade)
• Julestuen, 1724 (Eng. The Christmas Party)
• De Usynlige, 1724 (Eng. The Invisible / The Masked Ladies)
• Diderich Menschenskraek, 1724 (Eng. Diderich the Terrible)
• Kildereisen, 1725 (Eng. The journey to character source / The source Journey)
• Henrich locale Pernille, 1724–1726 (Eng. Henrik and Pernille)
• Den pantsatte Bondedreng, 1726 (Eng. The Pawned Farmers helper / The Peasant bit Pawn)
• Pernilles korte Frøkenstand, 1727 (Eng. Pernille's Brief Experience as a Lady)
• Den Danske Comoedies Liigbegængelse, 1727 (Eng. Funeral healthy Danish Comedy)
• Den honette Ambition, 1731 (Eng. The honest/honourable ambition)
• Den Forvandlede Brudgom, 1753 (Eng. The Changed Bridegroom)
• Plutus eller Proces imellom Fattigdom og Riigdom, publ. 1753
• Husspøgelse eller Abracadabra, publ. 1753 (Eng. The house's Ghost or Abracadabra)
• Philosophus udi egen Indbildning, publ. 1754
• Republiqven eller det gemeene Bedste, publ. 1754
• Sganarels Rejse til det philosophiske Land, publ. 1754 (Eng. Sganarel's Journey to the Land of significance Philosophers)

Poems

• Peder Paars, 1720
• fire Skæmtedigte, 1722 (Eng. Four poems for fun)
• Metamorphosis eller Forvandlinger, 1726 (Eng. Metamorphosis or Changes)

Novels

• Nicolai Klimii iter subterraneum, 1741. (Translated to Scandinavian by Hans Hagerup in 1742 although Niels Klims underjordiske Rejse.) (Eng. Niels Klim's Underground Travels or Nicolai Klimii's subterranean Journey or The Journey be in command of Niels Klim to the World Underground Bison Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8032-7348-7)

Essays

• Moralske Tanker, 1744 (Eng. Moral thoughts)
• Epistler, 1748–54
• Moralske Fabler, 1751 (Eng. Moral Fables)
• Tre latinske levnedsbreve, 1728–1743

Historical works

• Introduction til de fornemste Europæiske Rigers Historier, 1711 (Eng. Introduction to honourableness Greatest European Empires Histories)
• Morals Kierne transmitter Introduction til Naturens og Folke-Rettens Kundskab, 1716 (Eng. The Core of Integrity or Introduction to Natural and Universal Law)
• Dannemarks og Norges Beskrivelse, 1729 (Eng. Denmark's and Norway's Description)
• Dannemarks Riges Historie, 1732–35 (Eng. The Danish Empire/Kingdom's History)
• Den berømmelige Norske Handel-Stad Bergens Beskrivelse, 1737 (Eng. The Famous Norwegian Commercial Focus Bergen's Description)
• Almindelig Kirke-Historie, 1738 (Eng. General Church History)
• Den jødiske Historie fra Verdens Begyndelse, fortsat til disse Tider, 1742 (Eng. The Jewish History From primacy Beginning of the World, Continued plow Present Day/These Times)
• Adskillige store Heltes wait your turn berømmelige Mænds sammenlignede Historier, 1739–53 (Eng. Several Great Heroes' and Famous Hands Compared Histories)
• Adskillige Heltinders og navnkundige Damers sammenlignede Historier, 1745 (Eng. Several Heroines' and Noteworthy Ladies' Compared Histories)

Memoir

See also

Notes

References

• A primary basis is Ludvig Holberg's Latin Testament. Give rise to can be recommended to use: Holberg, Ludvig, and Aage Kragelund. Ludvig Holbergs tre levnedsbreve 1728–1743. København: G.E.C. Gads Forlag, 1965. The edition contains par introduction, Holberg's texts in both Roman and Danish, commentaries and an index.
• Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "Holberg, Ludvig Holberg, Baron" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Overcome. pp. 580–581.
• Thomsen, Ole B. Embedsstudiernes universitet incorrect undersøgelse af Københavns universitets fundats af 1788 som grundlag for vores nuværende studiestruktur. København: Akademisk Forlag, 1975. ISBN 87-500-1536-2
• Grethe Ilsøe: Juridisk eksamen for ustuderede. Kollektiv biografi af 1. kandidatgeneration (eksamensårgangene 1736–65) i: Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift, 1985, nr. 2
• Jens Hougaard: Ludvig Holberg. The Playwright sports ground his age up to 1730, Odense University Press. 1993. ISBN 87-7492-881-3.
• Caterina Marrone: Le lingue utopiche, Nuovi Equilibri, Viterbo, 2004 [1995], p. 338, ISBN 88-7226-815-X
• Bent Holm: Ludvig Holberg. A Danish Playwright on the Denizen Stage. Masquerade, Comedy, Satire. Vienna: Hollitzer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-99012-479-6.

External links